protein-DNA interaction assays showed regulation by HilD for six of these genes : gtgE , phoH , sinR , SL1263 -LRB- lpxR -RRB- were regulated directly , whereas SL1896 was regulated indirectly .
Expression analyses showed regulation by HilD for six of these genes : gtgE , phoH , sinR , SL1263 -LRB- lpxR -RRB- were regulated directly , whereas SL1896 was regulated indirectly .
HilD , regulates the expression of gtgE .
that HilD directly controls the expression of the gtgE genes
HilD binds to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
To further define whether the HilD-mediated regulation of gtgE is indirect , we analyzed the interaction of HilD with the regulatory region of these genes .
To further define whether the HilD-mediated regulation of gtgE is direct , we analyzed the interaction of HilD with the regulatory region of these genes .
Together with the expression analyses , these binding assays demonstrate that HilD directly regulates the expression of the gtgE genes .
In this work , by applying a clustering method to S. Typhimurium SL1344 global expression data from the COLOMBOS database , we show that most of the known genes regulated by HilD , including the flagellar/chemot-axis genes , are indeed co-expressed with SPI-1 ; moreover , nine novel genes were identified : gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of SL4247-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of SL3812-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of lpxR-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of sinR-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of phoH-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce the expression of gtgE-cat ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce SL1896-cat , transcriptional-fusions , in the E. coli MC4100 strain ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce SL1896-cat , thus in the absence of FlhDC ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Additionally , we show that HilD can induce SL1896-cat , thus in the absence of other Salmonella-specific regulators ; consistently , HilD bound to the regulatory regions of gtgE .
Thus , HilD directly regulates the expression of the gtgE genes , and positively .
Therefore , the expression of gtgE is controlled by HilD in SPI-1-inducing conditions .
Therefore , the expression of gtgE is controlled by HilD by another regulator in SPI-2-inducing conditions .
Whether the regulation by HilD implies that the gtgE genes also have a role in the intestinal infection , as for most other genes regulated by HilD , needs to be investigated .
Whether the regulation by HilD implies that the gtgE genes also have a role in the intestinal infection , as for most other genes regulated by HilD , needs to be investigated .
Whether the regulation by HilD implies that the gtgE genes also have a role in the Salmonella invasion of host cells , as for most other genes regulated by HilD , needs to be investigated .
Whether the regulation by HilD implies that the gtgE genes also have a role in the Salmonella invasion of host cells , as for most other genes regulated by HilD , needs to be investigated .
HilD binds to the regulatory region of gtgE .