First , HilD , binds directly to several sites within de-represses hilA expression .
First , HilD , binds directly to several sites within PhilA hilA expression .
The expression of hilA is itself controlled by two additional SPI-1 regulators : HilD .
HilD bind the same regions upstream of hilA .
Both HilC and HilD are positive regulators of hilA expression .
HilD are positive regulators of hilA expression
HilD have been shown to bind to URS of hilA .
HilD have been shown to bind to the upstream repressing sequence of hilA .
HilD bind directly to the upstream sequence of hilA .
As shown in Fig. 8 , the increased effect of Lon depletion on hilA expression was abolished by depletion of both HilC and HilD , suggesting that both proteins are also involved in regulation of SPI1 by Lon under SPI1-repressing conditions .
HilD can independently bind the hilA promoter .
HilD , directly bind the Salmonella typhimurium hilA promoter .
a model in which expression of hilA is controlled by the combined action of HilD
a model in which expression of hilA is controlled by the combined action of HilD
HilD is required for EnvZ/OmpR regulation of hilA It was previously concluded that the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system functioned through hilC to regulate expression of invasion genes .
HilD bind to overlapping sites in the hilA promoter .
Lee , C.A. Roles of HilD in regulation of hilA expression in Salmonella enterica sero-var Typhimurium .
Studies have shown PheU that HilD can each individually bind to the hilA promoter
HilD , in addition to regulation of hilA , are all capable of inducing expression of the inv/spa operon -- and by the sic/sip operon -- in a fashion independent of HilA .
HilD , in addition to regulation of hilA , are all capable of inducing expression of the inv/spa operon -- and by read-through -- in a fashion independent of HilA .
This work demonstrates the regulation of hilA by HilD .
It also demonstrates EnvZ/OmpR control of hilA through HilD .
It also demonstrates BarA/SirA control of hilA through HilD .
HilD were described to influence the expression of hilA .
SCHECHTER L.M. , LEE C.A. : HilD , directly bind the Salmonella typhimurium hilA promoter .
To test whether HilD activators of hilA are also regulated by these proteins , we investigated the transcription of hilD-lac chromosomal fusions .
To test whether HilD activators of hilA are also regulated by these proteins , we investigated the transcription of hilC-lac .
To test whether HilD activators of hilA are also regulated by these proteins , we investigated the transcription of rtsA-lac .
In this work , we demonstrated that Fur regulates expression of hilA via control of HilD .
Transcription from the hilA promoter is in turn mainly regulated by three transcription factors ; HilD .
Of these regulators , HilD can be considered as the most important single regulator of the hilA promoter since the hilD knockout strain shows nearly basal levels of HilA under inducing conditions .
Model 4 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate model of regulation of PhilA by heterodimers of HilC-HilD , HilC-RtsA and HilD-RtsA In this case functions s3 , s4 and s are m 5-1/4 : ð 1/2 HilD 1/2 HilC ÞH3 kH3 þ ð 1/2 HilD 1/2 HilC ÞH3 3 odified as follows : s 3 s 4 Model 2 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate logic for regulation of P by HilD , HilC and RtsA -LRB- monomer hilA activation -RRB- ðModel 4Þ s 5 In this case , the rate of change of HilA concentration is a additive function of the three input transactivators via the functions s3 , s4 and s5 corresponding to HilD , HilC and RtsA respectively and is represented as : d 1/2 HilA 1/4 1/2 þ 1/2 þ þ b3 b3 s3 s4 s5 s dt Model 3 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate model for regulation of PhilA by monomers of HilD , HilC and RtsA and addition of positive feedback on RtsA and HilC as well as cross activations of RtsA on HilC and vice versa where functions s7 and s9 represent the auto-activation of HilC and RtsA respectively and functions s8 and s10 represent the cross activation of HilC by RtsA and vice versa respectively .
Model 4 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate model of regulation of PhilA by heterodimers of HilC-HilD , HilC-RtsA and HilD-RtsA In this case functions s3 , s4 and s are m 5-1/4 : ð 1/2 HilD 1/2 HilC ÞH3 kH3 þ ð 1/2 HilD 1/2 HilC ÞH3 3 odified as follows : s 3 s 4 Model 2 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate logic for regulation of P by HilD , HilC and RtsA -LRB- monomer hilA activation -RRB- ðModel 4Þ s 5 In this case , the rate of change of HilA concentration is a additive function of the three input transactivators via the functions s3 , s4 and s5 corresponding to HilD , HilC and RtsA respectively and is represented as : d 1/2 HilA 1/4 1/2 þ 1/2 þ þ b3 b3 s3 s4 s5 s dt Model 3 : Two feedforward loops with OR gate model for regulation of PhilA by monomers of HilD , HilC and RtsA and addition of positive feedback on RtsA and HilC as well as cross activations of RtsA on HilC and vice versa where functions s7 and s9 represent the auto-activation of HilC and RtsA respectively and functions s8 and s10 represent the cross activation of HilC by RtsA and vice versa respectively .
Earlier work on mathematical modeling of regulation of expression of hilA by HilD was based on feed-forward architecture , considering HilD to be the primary activator of the feed-forward loop .
In turn , hilA is regulated by HilD .
Schechter LM , Lee CA : HilD , directly bind the Salmonella typhimurium hilA promoter .
HilD mutually regulate the hilA gene expression 2 1 1 0 Control SGJ-3 SGJ-4 SGJ-5 0 SGJ-4 SGJ-3 Control SGJ-5 Fig. 3 Invasive ability of lysogenic S. Typhimurium , SgJ-4 , and SgJ-5 for 30 min in InT-407 cells .
HilD mutually regulate the hilA gene expression 2 1 1 0 Control SGJ-3 SGJ-4 SGJ-5 0 SGJ-4 SGJ-3 Control SGJ-5 Fig. 3 Invasive ability of lysogenic S. Typhimurium , SgJ-4 , and pH 5 for 30 min in InT-407 cells .
HilD mutually regulate the hilA gene expression 2 1 1 0 Control SGJ-3 SGJ-4 SGJ-5 0 SGJ-4 SGJ-3 Control SGJ-5 Fig. 3 Invasive ability of lysogenic S. Typhimurium , pH 4 , and SgJ-5 for 30 min in InT-407 cells .
HilD mutually regulate the hilA gene expression 2 1 1 0 Control SGJ-3 SGJ-4 SGJ-5 0 SGJ-4 SGJ-3 Control SGJ-5 Fig. 3 Invasive ability of lysogenic S. Typhimurium , pH 4 , and pH 5 for 30 min in InT-407 cells .
These results suggest that CpxR represses hilA by affecting the autoregulation of HilD .
HilD directly regulates hilA
The transcription of hilA is regulated by HilD .
HilD plays a major role in the regulation of hilA
The C-terminal domain of RNAPa has been shown to be important for transcription of HilD-regulated genes in-vivo , as the mutation of leucine 289 to phenylalanine within this domain fails to induced hilA expression , similarly to a hilD null mutant ( Boddicker et al. , 2003 ) .
Additionally , this strain harbored a HilD-regulated hilA 
Differential expression of hilA , is influenced by HilD
the hilA genes are controlled by HilD indirectly , respectively
the hilA genes are controlled by HilD directly , respectively
EMSA was used to test the binding of the indicated concentrations of HilD to 6 
HilD is a dominant regulator of hilA transcription
HilD plays a major role in regulating hilA expression .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , DNA adenine methylase , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , activation of hilA via HilD , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , repression of hilA by decreasing the stability of HilD , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , activation of hilA via activation of csrB/csrC to block CsrA repression of hilD .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including FliZ , activation of hilA via posttranslational regulation of HilD , EnvZ-OmpR , CpxA/R , BarA/SirA .
Many other regulators affect SPI-1 genes and/or HilA expression through HilD , including activation of hilA via an unknown regulation of HilD .
LoiA activates expression of hilA gene through activating hilD As the expression of hilA is directly controlled by HilD , we tested whether LoiA regulates HilA through any of these three regulators .
HilD , binds directly to several sites within the hilA promoter .
Given that expression of hilA , significantly increases in bile , we investigated if HilD is posttranscriptionally regulated by bile in S. Typhi .
In terms of understanding how S. Typhimurium differ with regard to SPI-1 expression in bile , our results , in combination with previous findings , dem-onstrate that HilD is differentially regulated by hilA .
In terms of understanding how S. Typhi differ with regard to SPI-1 expression in bile , our results , in combination with previous findings , dem-onstrate that HilD is differentially regulated by hilA .